On Anarchism explores the philosophy of anarchism, a political theory that advocates for a society without hierarchical structures of power, such as governments or large corporations. Chomsky explains that anarchism is not a utopian fantasy but a practical, ethical, and effective way of organizing society that values autonomy, mutual aid, and the rejection of unjust authority. Chomsky draws upon the history of anarchism, looking at key anarchist thinkers like Peter Kropotkin and Mikhail Bakunin, as well as the movements and struggles that have emerged in the anarchist tradition. He also critiques contemporary political systems, highlighting how they often concentrate power and undermine individual freedoms. Through a critical lens, Chomsky argues that anarchism can provide an alternative framework for organizing society, one that empowers individuals and communities, and emphasizes direct action, social justice, and the fight against exploitation.